acey-deucy - Uneven stirrups, popularized by Hall of Fame jockey Eddie Arcaro, who rode with his left (inside) iron lower than his right to achieve better balance on turns.
across the board - A bet on a horse to win, place and show. If the horse wins, the player collects three ways; if second, two ways; and if third, one way, losing the win and place bets. Actually three wagers.
action - 1) A horse's manner of moving. 2) A term meaning wagering, for example, "The horse took a lot of action."
acupressure - Utilizing stimulation on acupuncture points to treat an animal.
acupuncture - A centuries-old means of treating an animal or human through the use of needles, electrical current or moxibustion (heat and herbs) to stimulate or realign the body's electrical fields.
Accredited Texas-Bred (ATB) - state breeder program of Texas paying awards money to horses that were foaled in Texas when they finish first through third in a race. Monies also paid to the accredited sire and accredited dam of the foal. The state legislation also requires the racetracks to write a number of races each year exclusively for ATB horses. Extra award monies are not paid in these exclusive races, since all purse money from those races is already paid to ATB horses.
added money - Money added to the purse of a race by the racing association or a sponsor.
added weight - A horse carrying more weight than the conditions of the race require, usually because the jockey exceeds the stated limit.
Adequan - Brand name for polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, used in the treatment of certain arthritic conditions.
Age - All racehorses are considered to change age on January 1, no matter what month of the year they were actually born.
agent - A person empowered to transact business for a stable owner or jockey, or empowered to sell or buy horses for an owner or breeder.
airing - Not running at best speed in a race.
AJC - Abbreviation for the Arabian Jockey Club.
all-age race - A race for two-year-olds and up.
all out - When a horse has the lead and is under extreme pressure to hold off another rival.
allowance race - A race for which the racing secretary drafts certain conditions to determine weights to be carried based on the horse's age, sex and/or past performance.
allowances - Reductions in weights to be carried, allowed because of the conditions of the race or because an apprentice jockey is on a horse. Also, a weight reduction female horses are entitled to when racing against males, or that young horses may receive against older horses.
allowed to settle - When a horse is unhurried during the early stages of a race and allowed to gain his best stride.
also-eligible - A horse officially entered for a race, but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches below a specified number.
altered course - Used during the running of a race when a horse has to change paths. Generally used in the stretch run.
angled in - When the rider on an unimpeded horse elects to alter his mount's running path inside to avoid potential congestion. This generally occurs when the horse is entering the stretch and is a gradual move.
angled out - When the rider on an unimpeded horse elects to alter his mount's running path outside to avoid potential congestion. This generally occurs when the horse is entering the stretch and is a gradual move.
angular limb deformity - A limb that is not conformationaly correct because of developmental problems in the angles of the joints.
anhydrosis - Inability to sweat in response to work output or increases in body temperature. Also known as a "non-sweater."
anterior - Toward the front.
anterior enteritis - Acute inflammation of the small intestine producing signs of abdominal distress, such as colic and diarrhea.
apical (fracture) - See sesamoids.
Apprentice - Rider who has not ridden a certain number of winners within a specified period of time. Also known as a "bug," from the asterisk used to denote the weight allowance such riders receive.
apprentice allowance - Weight concession given to an apprentice , also known as a "bug," from the asterisk used to denote the weight allowance.
apron - The paved area between the grandstand and the racing surface.
Arabian Jockey Club - U.S. National organization for Arabian racing comprised of appointed board of directors, and state affliliates. Non-profit organization for promotion of the Arabian racing industry in the United States.
arthritis - Inflammation of a joint. An increase in the amount of synovial fluid in the joint is a result of this inflammation. Accumulation of synovial fluid in the fetlock joint is called a "wind puff" or "wind gall." In young horses, a swelling in the fetlock joint, particularly on the front of the joint where the cannon and long pastern bones meet, is called a "green osselet." This swelling is a result of inflammation and reactive changes of the front edges of these two bones and adjacent cartilage. If the green osselet does not heal, a "chronic osselet" might develop with a permanent build-up of synovial fluid in the joint and inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule over the damaged area with secondary bone changes following the initial inflammation.
arthroscope - A tiny tube of lenses used for viewing areas inside a joint. Usually attached to a small video camera.
arthroscopic surgery - Utilizing an arthroscope to perform surgery, eliminating the need to open the joint with a large incision in order to view the damaged area.
articular cartilage - Cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they meet in a joint.
artificial breeding - Includes artificial insemination or embryo transfer (transplants).
arytenoid cartilages - Triangular cartilages in the upper part of the entrance to the larynx. Movements of the arytenoid cartilages control the diameter of the laryngeal opening.
as rider pleased - When a horse has the victory secured and the margin of victory is determined by the amount of pressure exerted by the rider.
assumed command - When a horse gains the lead at any point during the race.
ataxia - Loss or failure of muscular coordination.
atrophy - To waste away, usually used in describing muscles.
attempted to wheel - Term used at the start of a race when a horse ducks either in or out sharply. The horse crosses over at least three stall lengths in front of the starting gate, then is straightened away. He is well behind the rest of the field after being straightened.
auxiliary starting gate - A second starting gate used when the amount of horses in a race exceeds the capacity of the main starting gate.
Average-Earnings Index (AEI) - A breeding statistic that compares racing earnings of a stallion or mare's foals to those of all other foals racing at that time.
away alertly - Term often used at the start when horses break much quicker than the rest of the field.
back at the knee - A leg that looks like it has a backward arc with its center at the knee when viewed from the side.
backside - Stable area, dormitories and often times a track kitchen, chapel and recreation area for stable employees. Also known as "backstretch," for its proximity to the stable area.
backstretch - 1) Straight portion of the far side of the racing surface between the turns. 2) See backside.
bad doer - A horse with a poor appetite, a condition that may be due to nervousness or other causes.
bandage - Bandages used on horse's legs are three to six inches wide and are made of a variety of materials. In a race, they are used for support or protection against injury. "Rundown bandages" are used during a race and usually have a pad under the fetlock to avoid injury due to abrasion when the fetlocks sink toward the ground during weight-bearing. A horse may also wear "standing bandages," thick cotton wraps used during shipping and while in the stall to prevent swelling and/or injury.
barren - Used to describe a filly or mare that was bred and did not conceive during the last breeding season.
bar shoe - horseshoe closed at the back to help support the frog and heel of the hoof. It is often worn by horses with quarter cracks or bruised feet.
basilar (fracture) - See sesamoids.
bat - A jockey's whip.
battery - A term for an illegal electrical device used by a jockey to stimulate a horse during a race. Also known as a "machine" or "joint."
bay - A horse color that varies from a yellow-tan to a bright auburn. The mane, tail and lower portion of the legs are always black, except where white markings are present.
bearing in (or out) - Deviating from a straight course. May be due to weariness, infirmity, inexperience or the rider overusing the whip or reins to make a horse alter its course.
bell - Signal sounded when the starter opens the gates or, at some tracks, to mark the close of betting.
best stride late - When a horse is generally outrun during the early stages, then gets into gear too late to overtake the leaders. He finishes with good energy and in most instances, is moving fastest at the wire.
bid, hung - Term used during the running of a race when a horse drives up alongside the leader(s) and looks like he is going to emerge as the winner, then cannot gain further on the leaders and finishes evenly.
Bill Daly (on the) - Taking a horse to the front at the start and remaining there to the finish. Term stems from "Father Bill" Daly, famous old-time horseman, who developed many great jockeys.
bit - A stainless steel, rubber or aluminum bar, attached to the bridle, which fits in the horse's mouth and is one of the means by which a jockey exerts guidance and control. The most common racing bit is the D-bit, named because the rings extending from the bar are shaped like the letter "D." Most racing bits are "snaffled," (snaffle bit) which means the metal bar is made up of two pieces, connected in the middle, which leaves it free to swivel. Other bits may be used to correct specific problems, such as bearing in or out.
black - A horse color which is black, including the muzzle, flanks, mane, tail and legs unless white markings are present.
black type - Boldface type, used in sales catalogs, to distinguish horses that have won or placed in a stakes race. If a horse's name appears in boldface type and in all capital letters, it has won at least one black-type event. If it appears in boldface type and capital and lower case letters, it was second or third in at least one black-type event.
blaze - A generic term describing a large, white vertical marking on a horse's face. The Arabian Horse Association doesn't use blaze, preferring more descriptive words- snip; star; strip.
bleeder - A horse that bleeds from the lungs when small capillaries that surround the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) rupture. The medical term is "exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage" (EIPH). Blood may be seen coming out of the horse's nostrils, known as "epistaxis," although it is typically discovered by a fiber optic endoscopic examination after exercise. Hot, humid weather and cold are known to exacerbate the problem. The most common preventative treatment currently available is the use of the diuretic furosemide (Lasix). Less than one bleeder in 20 shows signs of epistaxis.
blind switch - A circumstance in which a rider's actions cause him/her to be impeded during a race.
blinkers - A cup-shaped device to limit a horse's vision to prevent him from swerving from objects or other horses on either side of it. Blinker cups come in a variety of sizes and shapes to allow as little or as much vision as the trainer feels is necessary.
blister - Counter-irritant causing acute inflammation used to increase blood supply, blood flow and to promote healing in the leg.
blocked - Term used when a horse tries to make a move during the race and has no room to run due to the fact that there are horses in front of him. Generally, when horses are blocked, they have to be steadied and those two comments commonly are used together. Term also used: boxed.
bloodstock agent - A person who advises and/or represents a buyer or seller of racehorses at a public auction or a private sale. A bloodstock agent usually works on commission, and can also prepare a horse for sale.
blood-typing - A way to verify a horse's parentage.
blow-out - A short, timed workout, usually a day or two before a race, designed to sharpen a horse's speed. Usually three-eighths or one-half of a mile in distance.
board - Short for "tote board," on which odds, betting pools and other information are displayed.
bobble - A bad step away from the starting gate, usually caused by the track surface breaking away from under a horse's hooves, causing it to duck its head or nearly go to his knees.
bog spavin - A filling with excess synovial fluid of the largest joint of the hock called the "tarsocrual joint."
bolt - Sudden veering from a straight course, usually to the outside rail.
bomb(er) - A winning horse sent off at extremely high odds.
bonafide horseman - a trainer, jockeys' agent or owner present at the draw of post positions during the entry process for a race.
bone graft - Utilizing bone taken from one part of the body to promote formation of bone in another region.
bone spavin - Arthritis of the hock joint. A bone spavin that has progressed to the point that the arthritis can be seen externally is called a "Jack spavin."
book - 1) The group of mares being bred to a stallion in a given year. If a stallion attracts the maximum number of mares allowed by the farm manager, he has a full book. 2) A term used to describe a jockey's riding commitments with his agent: An agent handles a jockey's book.
bore in - Applies when a horse continues to move inward in a quick, uncontrolled move. Also used: lugged in.
bore out - Applies when a horse continues to move outward in a quick, uncontrolled move. Also used: lugged out.
bottom - 1) Stamina in a horse. 2) Subsurface of a racing strip.
bottom line - A horse's breeding on the female side. The lower half of an extended pedigree diagram.
bounce - A poor race run directly following a career-best or near-best performance.
bowed tendon - A type of tendonitis. The most common injury to the tendon is a strain or "bowed" tendon, so named because of the appearance of a bow shape due to swelling. The most common site of injury is in the superficial flexor tendon between the knee and the ankle. Despite aggressive treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy and rest, horses commonly reinjure the tendon when they go back into competition. Two surgeries are felt to aid horses to come back to racing: tendon splitting at the lesion site to release accumulated fluid and blood, and superior check ligament desmotomy. The latter surgery is designed to reduce forces on the tendon when the horse returns to training and racing.
box - A wagering term denoting a combination bet whereby all possible numeric combinations are covered.
boxed (in) - To be trapped between, behind or inside of other horses. See blocked.
brace (or bracer) - Rubdown liniment used on a horse after a race or workout.
break (a horse) - 1) To train a young horse to wear a bridle and saddle, carry a rider and respond to a rider's commands. Almost always done when the Arabian racehorse is late in his two year old year or at age three. 2) To leave from the starting gate.
breakage - In parimutuel payoffs, which are rounded down to a nickel or dime, the pennies that are left over. Breakage may be used for any of a number of purposes, depending upon a state's rules of racing.
breakdown - When a horse suffers a potentially career-ending injury, usually to the leg: The horse suffered a breakdown. The horse broke down.
break maiden - Horse or rider winning the first race of its career. Also known as "earning a diploma."
breather - Easing off on a horse for a short distance in a race to permit it to conserve or renew its strength.
bred - 1) A horse is considered to have been bred in the state or country of its birth. 2) The past tense of "breed."
breeder - Owner of the dam at time of foaling unless the dam was under a lease or foal-sharing arrangement at the time of foaling. In that case, the person(s) specified by the terms of the agreement is (are) the breeder(s) of the foal.
breeding fund - A state fund set up to provide bonuses for state-breds.
breeze (breezing) - Working a horse at a moderate speed, less effort than handily.
bridge jumper - A person who wagers large amounts of money, usually on short-priced horses to show, hoping to realize a small, but certain profit. The term comes from the structure these bettors may seek if they lose.
bridle - A piece of equipment, usually made of leather or nylon, which fits on a horse's head and is where other equipment, such as a bit and the reins, are attached.
brief foot - When a horse shows speed during the early stages of a race, then tires.
brief speed - Used when a horse shows some early speed, then backs out of contention.
broke down - When a horse experiences severe physical problems with their legs. They are limping badly or have limbs off the ground. Horses that break down are either humanely destroyed or must be removed from the track in the horse ambulance.
broke in air - Term used at the start. When a horse's front legs leave the ground at the start and he breaks poorly. Of course, all horses' legs are off the ground a bit, but in this instance, he is well up in the air, compromising his position.
broke in tangle - Used at the start when a horse gets away awkwardly or the ground breaks away under him. It takes him a while to find his best stride.
broke sharply - See away alertly.
broke slowly - Used at the start when the horse has no other excuse other than the fact that he broke a bit behind the rest of the field. He was not bumped, steadied, bobbled or unprepared for the start, just came away from the gate a bit tardy.
broke through gate - Used at the start when a horse forces his way through the starting gate prior to the start.
broken wind - Abnormality of the upper or lower respiratory tract causing loss of normal air exchange, generally resulting in reduced performance.
broodmare - A filly or mare that has been bred and is used to produce foals.
brush - 1) During a race, two horses who slightly touch each other. 2) Injury that occurs when one hoof strikes the inside of the opposite limb.
bucked shins - Inflammation of the covering of the bone (periosteum) of the front surface of the cannon bone to which young horses are particularly susceptible. This is primarily a condition of the front legs.
bug - See apprentice; apprentice allowance.
bug boy - An apprentice rider.
bulbs (of the heel) - The two areas on either side of the back of the foot, similar to the heel of the hand.
bullet (work) - The best workout time for a particular distance on a given day at a track. From the printer's "bullet" that precedes the time of the workout in listings. Also known as a "black-letter" work in some parts of the country.
bullring - A small racetrack, usually less than one mile.
burn(ed) - See run down. Commonly used in the term: burned heels.
bursa - A sac containing synovial fluid (a natural lubricant). The purpose is to pad or cushion and thus facilitate motion between soft tissue and bone. Most commonly occurring where tendons pass over bones.
bursitis - Inflammation in a bursa that results in swelling due to accumulation of synovial fluid. Capped elbow is inflammation of the bursa over the point of elbow (olecranon process of the ulna). "Capped hock" is inflammation of the bursa over the point of the hock (tuber calcis).
bute - Short for phenylbutazone, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication that is legal in many racing jurisdictions. Often known by the trade names Butazolidin and Butazone.
buy-back - A horse put through a public auction that did not reach a minimum (reserve) price set by the consignor and so was retained. The consignor must pay a fee to the auction company based on a percentage of the reserve, to cover the auction company's marketing, advertising and other costs.
B.V.M.S. - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery.
calk - A projection on the heels of a horseshoe, similar to a cleat, on the rear shoes of a horse to prevent slipping, especially on a wet track. Also known as a "sticker." Sometimes incorrectly spelled "caulk."
call - Running position of horses in a race at various points.
came again - Applies when a horse has the lead, loses it to a rival, then regains ground. The horse does not necessarily have to win, but should be gaining ground on the leaders at the finish.
cannon bone - The third metacarpal (front leg) or metatarsal (rear leg), also referred to as the shin bone. The largest bone between the knee and ankle joints.
capillary refill time - The amount of time it takes for blood to return to capillaries after it has been forced out, normally two seconds; usually assessed pressing the thumb against the horse's gums. When the pressure is removed the gum looks white, but the normal pink color returns as blood flows into the capillaries.
capped elbow - Inflammation of the bursa over the point of the elbow. Also known as a "shoe boil." See bursitis.
capped hock - Inflammation of the bursa over the point of the hock. See bursitis.
carried out - Term used when a horse is forced out by another rival.
carpus - A joint in the horse's front leg, more commonly referred to as the knee.
cast - A horse, positioned on its side or back, and wedged against a wall, such that it cannot get up.
caudal - Toward the tail.
chalk -Wagering favorite in a race. Dates from the days when on-track bookmakers would write current odds on a chalkboard.
chalk player - Bettor who wagers on favorites.
champion - Top horse of the year in a particular category, either in a state or nationally. The national U.S. awards for racing Arabians are the Darley Awards.
chart - A statistical "picture" of a race (from which past performances are compiled), that shows the position and margin of each horse at designated points of call (depending on the distance of the race), as well as the horses' age, weight carried, owner, trainer, jockey, and the race's purse, conditions, payoff prices, odds, time and other data.
chased - When a horse is running in close attendance to the leader without challenging for the lead.
check(ed) - When a jockey slows a horse due to other horses impeding its progress. Also used: steadied.
checked repeatedly - Term used when a horse has to steady or take up a number of times when racing in tight quarters. See checked for a more detailed explanation.
chestnut - 1) A horse color which may vary from a red-yellow to golden-yellow. The mane, tail and legs are usually variations of coat color, except where white markings are present. 2) Horny, irregular growths found on the inside of the legs. On the forelegs, they are just above the knees. On the hind legs, they are just below the hocks. No two horses have been found to have the same chestnuts and so they may be used for identification. Also called "night eyes."
chiropractic - The use of bone alignment to treat specific or general health problems.
choking down - See dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Commonly known as "COPD," a hyperallergenic response of the respiratory system that involves damage to the lung tissue, similar in many ways to human asthma. Affected horses may cough, develop a nasal discharge and have a reduced exercise tolerance. Respiratory rate is increased and lung elasticity is diminished.
chronic osselet - Permanent build-up of synovial fluid in a joint, characterized by inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule over the damaged area. Usually attended by changes in the bone and cartilage. See arthritis.
chute - Extension of backstretch or homestretch to permit a straight running start in a race as opposed to starting on or near a turn.
circled field - Used when a horse is forced to go widest to reach contention. It is applicable when a horse must pass four or more rivals.
claiming - Process by which a licensed person may purchase a horse entered in a designated race for a predetermined price. When a horse has been claimed, its new owner assumes title after the starting gate opens although the former owner is entitled to all purse money earned in that race.
claiming box - Box in which claims are deposited before the race.
claiming race - A race in which each horse entered is eligible to be purchased at a set price. Claims must be made before the race and only by licensed owners or their agents who have a horse registered to race at that meeting or who have received a claim certificate from the stewards.
classic - 1) A race of traditional importance. 2) Used to describe a distance A race at the American classic distance, which is currently 1 1/4 miles. The European classic distance is 1 1/2 miles.
clerk of scales
An official whose chief duty is to weigh the riders before and after a race to ensure proper weight is (was) carried.
climbing - When a horse lifts its front legs abnormally high as it gallops, causing it to run inefficiently.
clipped heels - When a horse runs up behind a rival, or is caught in tight quarters and his front legs clip the hind legs of the horse directly in front of him. This can be determined due to the fact that the jockey on the horse must take up sharply on his horse, altering his stride dramatically. In many instances, the jockey may lose his irons in the process, or the horse may fall.
clocker - One who times workouts and races.
close up - When a horse is racing in good position, generally a few lengths behind the leaders.
closed fast - When a horse is finishing the race with good speed, gaining lengths on the leaders.
closed gap - When a horse gains ground on the leaders through the stretch run.
closed knees - A condition when the cartilaginous growth plate above the knee (distal radial physis) has turned to bone. Indicates completion of long bone growth and is one sign of maturity.
closed willingly - When a horse makes up ground steadily through the late stages of a race.
closed with a rush - When a horse is moving fastest of all through the late stages of a race, gaining on the leaders with every stride.
closer - A horse that runs best in the latter part of the race, coming from off the pace.
clubhouse turn - Generally, the turn on a racing oval that is closest to the clubhouse facility; usually the first turn after the finish line.
coffin bone - The third phalanx (P3). The major bone that is within the confines of the hoof. Also called the pedal bone.
colic - Refers to abdominal pain.
colors - See silks.
colors (horse) - The Arabian Horse Association records the following coat colors: bay, chestnut, grey, black, and roan
colt - An ungelded (entire) male horse four-years-old or younger.
commingle - Combining mutuel pools from off-track sites with the host track.
comminuted (fracture) - A fracture with more than two fragments.
company - Class of horses in a race, such as “He ran in stakes company in his prior race.”
compound (fracture) - A fracture where the damaged bone breaks through the skin. Also known as an open fracture.
condition book(s) - A series of booklets issued by a racing secretary which set forth conditions of races to be run at a particular racetrack.
conditioner - 1) A trainer. 2) A workout or race to enable a horse to attain fitness.
conditions - The requirements of a particular race. This may include age, sex, money or races won, weight carried and the distance of the race.
condylar (fracture) - A fracture in the lower knobby end (condyle) of the lower (distal) end of a long bone such as the cannon bone or humerus (upper front limb).
conformation - The physical makeup of and bodily proportions of a horse how it is put together.
congenital - Something present at birth, generally referring to a defect.
connections - Persons identified with a horse, such as owner, trainer, rider and stable employees.
consolation double - A payoff to holders of daily double tickets combining the winning horse in the first race of the double with a scratched horse in the second.
contended - When a horse is within striking range, generally within eight lengths of the leaders.
cooling out - Restoring a horse to normal temperature, usually by walking, after it has become heated during exercise. All horses that are exercised are cooled out.
corn - An irritation on the sole of the foot, toward the heel. Usually the result of pressure from the shoe.
coronary band - Where the hair meets the hoof. Also called the "coronet."
coronet - See coronary band.
corticosteroids - Hormones that are either naturally produced by the adrenal gland or man-made. They function as anti-inflammatory hormones or hormones that regulate the chemical stability (homeostasis) of the body.
cough - To expel air from the lungs in a spasmodic manner. Can be a result of inflammation or irritation to the upper airways (pharynx, larynx or trachea) or may involve the lower airways of the lungs (deep cough).
coupled (entry) - Two or more horses running as an entry in a single betting unit.
cover - A single breeding of a stallion to a mare For example, "He covered 70 mares."
cow hocks - Abnormal conformation in which the points of the hocks turn in.
cracked hoof - A vertical split of the hoof wall. Cracks may extend upwards from the bearing surface of the wall or downwards from the coronary band, as the result of a defect in the band. Varying in degrees of severity, cracks can result from injuries or concussion. Hooves that are dry and/or thin (shelly) or improperly shod are susceptible to cracking upon concussion. Corrective trimming and shoeing may remedy mild cracks but in severe cases, when the crack extends inward to the sensitive laminae, more extensive treatment is required, such as using screws and wires to stabilize the sides of the crack.
cranial - Toward the head.
creep feeder - A feed device designed to allow a foal to eat but keep its dam out. Otherwise, the mare will eat the foal's food.
cribber - A horse that clings to objects with its teeth and sucks air into its stomach. Also known as a "wind sucker."
crop - 1) The number of foals by a sire in a given year. 2) A group of horses born in the same year. For example, "An excellent crop of three-year-olds." 3) A jockey's whip.
croup - Along the horse's topline, the area between the back and the tail. A straight, level croup provides maximum outreach of the Thoroughbred's hindquarters as it gallops, producing a longer stride.
cryptorchid - A "unilateral cryptorchid" is a male horse of any age that has one testicle undescended. A "bilateral cryptorchid" is a male horse of any age that has both testicles undescended.
cup - 1) Refers to the irregular occlusal surface of the tooth (the surfaces that meet when a horse closes its mouth) and is used as a visual method of determining age in a horse. 2) Trophy awarded to winning horse owners, usually in a stakes race. 3) Abbreviation of the national Arabian race breeders program, the Arabian Racing Cup 4) cuppy (track)A dry and loose racing surface that breaks away under a horse's hooves.
curb - A thickening of the plantar ligament of the hock.
cushion - Top portion of a racetrack.
cut down - Horse suffering from injuries from being struck by the shoes of another horse. Or, due to a faulty stride, a horse may cut itself down.
daily double - Type of wager calling for the selection of winners of two consecutive races, usually the first and second. See late double.
Daily Racing Form - A daily newspaper containing news, past performance data and handicapping information.
daily triple - A wager where the bettor must select the winner of three consecutive races. Not to be confused with "triple," meaning trifecta in some regions.
dam - The female parent of a foal.
dam's sire (broodmare sire) - The sire of a broodmare. Used in reference to the maternal grandsire of a foal.
Darley Awards - The highest national honor an Arabian racehorse can receive. These awards are presented yearly.
dead heat - Two or more horses finishing a race in a tie.
dead track - Racing surface lacking resiliency.
declared - In the United States, a horse withdrawn from a stakes race in advance of scratch time. In Europe, a horse confirmed to start in a race.
deep flexor tendon - Present in all four legs, but injuries most commonly affect the front legs. Located on the back (posterior) of the front leg between the knee and the foot and between the hock and the foot on the rear leg. The function is to flex the digit (pastern) and knee (carpus) and to extend the elbow on the front leg and extend the hock on the rear leg. Functions in tandem with the superficial flexor tendon.
deep stretch - A position very close to the finish line in race.
degenerative joint disease (DJD) - Any joint problem that has progressive degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying (subchondral) bone. Occurs most frequently in the joints below the radius in the foreleg and femur in the hind leg. Some of the more common causes include repeated trauma, conformation faults, blood disease, traumatic joint injury, subchondral bone defects (OCD lesions) and excessive intra-articular corticosteroid injections. Also known as osteoarthritis.
Derby - A stakes event for four-year-old Arabians.
desmitis - Inflammation of a ligament. Often a result of tearing of any number of ligament fibrils.
deworming - The use of drugs (anthelmintics) to kill internal parasites, often performed by oral paste or by passing a nasogastric tube into the horse's stomach.
dh - Abbreviation for dead heat.
digestible energy - The amount of energy a horse is able to digest from a feedstuff.
digestive system.
digital - The part of the limb below the ankle (fetlock) joint. Includes the long and short pastern bones and the coffin bone.
digital cushion - The area beneath the coffin bone in the back of the foot that separates it from the frog. The digital cushion serves as a shock absorber for the foot.
diploma (earning a) - See break maiden.
disliked track - In most instances, this term should be used when horses are running over an off track. Horses that appear to be unable to settle into stride (i.e.climbing) and do not seems to get untracked during any portion of the race.
distanced - When a horse is badly outrun (generally 25 lengths or more behind the next closest finisher) but still finishes the race.
disqualification - Change in order of finish by officials for an infraction of the rules.
distal - Away from a reference point. Usually refers to the limbs such as “The injury was distal (below) to the hock”.
distal sesamoidean ligaments - Attaches to the bottom of the sesamoid bones, passing down and attaching to the long and short pastern bones.
distanced - Horse so far behind the rest of the field of runners that it is out of contact and unable to regain a position of contention.
DMSO - Dimethyl sulfoxide, a topical anti-inflammatory.
dogs - Rubber traffic cones (or a wooden barrier) placed at certain distances out from the inner rail, when the track is wet, muddy, soft, yielding or heavy, to prevent horses during the workout period from churning the footing along the rail. Used in the phrase, "The dogs are up," or simply, "dogs up."
dope - 1) Slang term for past performances. Readers of past performances are said to dope out a race. 2) Any illegal drug.
dorsal - Up; toward the back or spine. Also used to describe the front of the lower limb below the knee (front) or hock (rear).
dorsal displacement of the soft palate - A condition in which the soft palate, located on the floor of the airway near the larynx, moves up into the airway. A minor displacement causes a gurgling sound during exercise while in more serious cases the palate can block the airway. This is sometimes known as "choking down," but the tongue does not actually block the airway. The base of the tongue is connected to the larynx, of which the epiglottis is a part. When the epiglottis is retracted, the soft palate can move up into the airway (dorsal displacement.) This condition can sometimes be managed with equipment such as a figure eight noseband or a tongue tie. In more extreme cases, surgery might be required, most commonly a "myectomy."
dq - Abbreviation for disqualified.
draw - the process in which small numbered balls (see pills) are taken out at random from a jar in the racing office in the presence of a bonafide horseman to determine the post positions of horses in a race.
drench - Liquid administered through mouth.
drew clear - When a horse moves to the lead at a point in the race and opens up a margin over the closest pursuer of two lengths or more.
drew even - When a horse draws nose to nose with the leader.
drew off - Term describes a horse that has gained the lead, then opens a clear advantage. It is used only when a horse is in front. However, it does not necessarily mean that a horse has to win (e.g. drew off turn, weakened mid stretch).
drifted - This term is a less severe description of horses that bore out or bolted. It pertains only to a horse's course through the stretch run and can be determined only by reviewing the head on shot of the video tape replay. Horses that drift do so gradually
driving - Term used only for the winner. A horse that is all out to win and under strong urging from its jockey. It describes a horse that is under constant pressure, either through whipping or a strong hand ride to prevail.
drop(ed) down - A horse meeting a lower class of rival than it had been running against.
dropped - See foaled.
dropped back - Describes a horse that raced close up during the early portion of a race, then lost ground. Generally, it should be used in conjunction with brief speed.
D.V.M. - Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.
ducked in gap - Used when a horse ducks into a gap between the temporary railing put up for some races that come out of a chute, then makes a sharp left hand turn onto the main track.
dueled - Used when two or more horses are head and head for the lead for an extended period of time.
dull effort - Used when a horse fails to be a factor at any point during the race. Also used: no threat, no factor, failed to menace, trailed throughout.
dwelt - Term used at the start of a race. Describes a horse that stays in the gate after the rest of the field has broken. He then breaks several lengths behind the rest of the field.
earmuffs - A piece of equipment that covers a horse's ears to prevent it from hearing distracting sounds.
eased - A situation when a horse is well behind the leaders and his rider has determined that he is hopelessly beaten and allows him to gallop along under no pressure.
easily - When a horse wins a race and is under no pressure at any point during the race to control his rivals.
easily - Running or winning without being pressed by rider or opposition.
EEE (Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis) - One of several different types of encephalomyelitis that are extremely contagious, causing sickness and death in horses by affecting the central nervous system. EEE is spread by mosquitoes and can affect humans. Can be prevented by annual vaccinations.
EIPH - Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. See bleeder.
elbow - The topmost joint in the foreleg, formed by the humerus, ulna and radius. The elbow joint's action is that of a hinge, providing flexion and extension for the forelegs.
eligible - Qualified to start in a race, according to conditions.
empty - When a horse is in contention, then is asked to respond by his jockey, either through the use of the whip or strong hand urging. If the horse does not respond to these tactics, he comes up empty.
endoscope - An instrument used for direct visual inspection of a hollow organ or body cavity such as the upper airway or stomach. A "fiber optic endoscope" is comprised of a long, flexible tube that has a series of lenses and light at the end to allow the veterinarian to view and photograph the respiratory system through the airway. Other internal organs may be viewed through a tiny surgical opening. A video endoscope has a small camera at the tip of the instruments.
entry fee - Money paid by an owner to enter a horse in a stakes race.
entrapped epiglottis - A condition in which the thin membrane lying below the epiglottis moves up and covers the epiglottis. The abnormality may obstruct breathing. Usually treated by surgery to cut the membrane if it impairs respiratory function.
entry - Two or more horses with common ownership (or in some cases trained by the same trainer) that are paired as a single betting unit in one race and/or are placed together by the racing secretary as part of a mutuel field. Rules on entries vary from state to state. Also known as a "coupled entry."
epiglottis - A triangular-shaped cartilage that lies at the base of the airway just in front of the arytenoid cartilages which cover the airway during swallowing. It is normally located above (dorsal) the soft palate.
epiphysitis - An inflammation in the growth plate (physis) at the ends of the long bones (such as the cannon bone). Symptoms include swelling, tenderness and heat. Although the exact cause is unknown, contributing factors seem to be high caloric intake (either from grain or a heavily lactating mare) and a fast growth rate.
epistaxis - See bleeder.
Equibase (Company) - A partnership between The Jockey Club and the Thoroughbred Racing Associations to establish and maintain an industry-owned, central database of racing records. Equibase past-performance information is used in track programs across North America. Arabian races and Arabian horse records of workouts, race entries and results are also recorded by Equibase.
equipment - See bandage; bar shoe; bit; blinkers; bridle; earmuffs; halter; hood; nose band; overcheck; overgirth; reins; saddle cloth; saddle pad; shadow roll; shank; stirrups; tongue tie.
equivalent odds - Mutuel price horses would pay for each $1 bet.
erratic - A horse races erratically when he runs in spots, in other words, he moves to contention, drops back, comes on again, drops back, etc. Also, young horses with little or no racing experience could race erratically, swerving in and out and could be used in this instance instead of greenly.
estrus (heat) - Associated with ovulation; a mare usually is receptive to breeding during estrus. Referred to as "horsing."
estrous cycle - The length of time between consecutive ovulations.
EVA (equine viral arteritis) - A highly contagious disease that is characterized by swelling in the legs of all horses and swelling in the scrotum of stallions. Can cause abortion in mares and can be shed in the semen of stallions for years after infection.
evenly - Neither gaining nor losing position during a race. When a horse maintains a relative position behind the leaders throughout the entire race and never offers much of a bid.
exacta (or perfecta) - A wager in which the first two finishers in a race, in exact order of finish, must be picked.
exacta box - A wager in which all possible combinations using a given number of horses are bet on. The total number of combinations can be calculated according to the formula x2-x, where x equals the amount of horses in the box. For example, boxing four horses would actually be 12 combinations (42-4). To arrive at the cost of the wager, multiply the total combinations by the cost of the individual wager.
exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage - See bleeder.
exercise rider - Rider who is licensed to exercise a horse during its morning training session.
exotic (wager) - Any wager other than win, place or show. For the mathematically inclined, the amount of combinations in any exotic wager can be figured by the formula n!/(n-a!), where n is the number of horses in your wager and a is the number of finishers in the wager (two in an exacta, three in a trifecta, etc.)
extended - Running at top speed.
extensor tendon - Extends the knee (carpus) joint, ankle joint, pastern and foot and flexes the elbow. The muscles begin above the knee and attach to the coffin and pastern bones.
faded - When a horse races in contention during the early stages of a race, then drops back.
failed to menace - Another term which describes a horse's entire performance. A horse that raced near the back of the field the entire way and did not offer a bid or gain significantly on the leaders at any point. This term often interchanged with no threat, and failed to respond.
failed to respond - Nearly the same as failed to menace, with one subtle difference. If a jockey is noticeably attempting to get his horse to get untracked and he does not react, he has failed to respond.
failed to sustain bid - Applies when a horse moves to contention at some point during the race, then lacks a further response and either finishes evenly or drops back.
faltered - This term, along with quite a few other comments describes a horse that gives ground during a race. In other words, he backs off the leaders, generally in the late stages. Also used: weakened, tired, gave way.
false favorite - Horse that is a race favorite despite being outclassed by other competition in the field. See underlay.
far back - When a horse is more than 20 lengths behind the leaders.
farrier - Horseshoer, blacksmith. Also called a plater.
fast (track) - Footing that is dry, even and resilient.
fault - Weak points of a horse's conformation or character as a racehorse.
feather - Light weight. Usually refers to the weight a horse is assigned to carry in a race.
fee - 1) Amount paid to a jockey for riding in a race. 2) The cost of nominating, entering or starting a horse in a stakes race.
fence - See rail.
fetlock (joint) - Joint located between the cannon bone and the long pastern bone, also referred to as the ankle.
fiber optic endoscope - See endoscope.
field - The horses in a race.
field horse (or mutuel field) - Two or more starters running as a single betting unit (entry), when there are more starters in a race than positions on the totalizator board.
fig - Slang for speed figure.
figure eight (nose band) - See nose band.
filly - Female horse four-years-old or younger.
finished well - A horse that closed a good deal of ground through the stretch run. Also used: found best stride late.
fire - A burst of acceleration by a horse in a race.
firing - See pin firing.
firm (track) - A condition of a turf course corresponding to fast on a dirt track. A firm, resilient surface.
fissure (fracture) - Longitudinal crack through only one surface of a bone.
flag - Signal manually held at a short distance in front of the gate at the exact starting point of race. Official timing starts when flag is dropped by the flagman to denote proper start.
flak jacket - The jockey or exercise rider’s protective jacket that protects the ribs, kidneys and back.
flank - Area between the horse's ribs and hip. Lacking heavy musculature and the site of important internal organs, the flank is a very sensitive region on the horse's body and cannot be touched by a jockey's whip during a race.
flat race - Contested on level ground as opposed to a steeplechase. Often used in the term, on the flat.
flatten out - A very tired horse that slows considerably, dropping its head on a straight line with its body. Some horses, however, like to run with their heads lowered. Term applies when a horse moves to a contending position, then cannot gain significantly and finishes evenly.
flipped in gate - Term used only at the start. It refers to a horse that is acting up in the gate, then rears up and either falls backward or becomes hung up in the gate. In nearly all instances, the horse also loses his rider in the process.
float - 1) An equine dental procedure in which sharp points on the teeth are filed down. 2) The instrument with which the above procedure is performed.
floating - Flat plate or wooden implement (float) dragged over the surface of a wet track to aid in draining water.
foal(ed) - 1) A horse of either sex in its first year of life. 2) As a verb, to give birth. Also known as "dropped." 3) Can also denote the offspring of either a male or female parent.
fontana safety rail - An aluminum rail, in use since 1981, designed to help reduce injuries to horse and rider. It has more of an offset (slant) to provide greater clearance between the rail and the vertical posts as well as a protective cover to keep horse and rider from striking the posts.
forced out - A horse that is forced to race wide due to the fact that another horse is either getting out or bolting. It is also possible that there are three or four horses across the track which forces a horse very wide to gain contention. Also used: carried out.
forced wide - See forced out.
forearm - Area of the foreleg located between the elbow joint and the knee (carpus), which is made up of the radius bone and the ulna.
forelock - Lock of mane hair that falls forward from the poll (top of the head) to just above the horse's eyes.
founder - See laminitis.
fractional time - Intermediate times recorded in a race, as at the quarter, half, three-quarters, etc. The "quarter time," for example, refers to the time after the first quarter-mile, not the first 25 percent of the race.
fractious in gate - Used only at the start, this term is used for horses that are acting up more than normal in the starting gate, and possibly for a horse that unseats his rider or takes an unusually long time in entering the starting gate.
fractious post parade - As logic would indicate, this term is for a horse that is acting up considerably during the post parade. He could be lunging in the air, running off despite the efforts of his jockey, or generally being unruly.
fracture - A break in a bone. See comminuted; compound; condylar; fissure; metacarpal; oblique; saucer; sesamoid; slab; spiral; simple; stress.
free handicap - A race in which no nomination fees are required. More recently, and more commonly, a ranking of horses by weight for a theoretical race.
frog - The V-shaped, pliable support structure on the bottom of the foot. See "Hoof" subsection of "Musculoskeletal System" in veterinary supplement for a more detailed explanation.
front-runner - A horse whose running style is to attempt to get on or near the lead at the start of the race and to continue there as long as possible.
frozen (track) - A condition of a racetrack where any moisture present is frozen.
full of run - When a horse is gaining ground quickly on the leaders during the stretch run.
fully extended - When a horse wins a race but has been put to extreme pressure by his rider to hold off rivals.
full-brother, full-sister - Horses that share the same sire and dam.
furlong - One-eighth of a mile, 220 yards, 660 feet.
furosemide - A medication used in the treatment of bleeders, commonly known under the trade name Lasix, which acts as a diuretic, reducing pressure on the capillaries.
futurity - A race for Arabian three-year-olds in which the owners make a continuous series of payments over a period of time to keep their horses eligible. Purses for these races vary but can be considerable.
gaining - Although this term is similar to found best stride late and finished well, there is a subtle difference in that this type of rally is more of a slow, steady gain rather than a quicker burst of speed associated with the other two terms.
gamely - A horse that narrowly misses victory. He has either dueled for command from the outset and gave way grudgingly in the late stages, or set all the pace and just missed.
gait - The characteristic footfall pattern of a horse in motion. Arabian horses have four natural gaits: walk, trot, canter and gallop. Arabians compete at a gallop.
gap - An opening in the rail where horses enter and leave the course.
Garrison finish - A close victory, usually from off the pace. Derived from "Snapper" Garrison, old-time rider given to that practice.
gaskin - Area of the hindleg between the stifle and hock joints, consisting of the tibia and fibula.
gastric ulcers - Ulceration of a horse's stomach. Often causes symptoms of abdominal distress (colic) and general unthriftiness.
gate - See starting gate.
gate card - A card, issued by the starter, stating that a horse is properly schooled in starting gate procedures.
gave way - Another term for a horse that loses ground after becoming a factor during some stage of the race.
gelding - A male horse of any age that has been neutered by having both testicles removed (gelded).
get - Progeny of sire.
girth - 1) An elastic and leather band, sometimes covered with sheepskin, that passes under a horse's belly and is connected to both sides of the saddle. 2) Deepest point of the horse's midsection, around which the saddle girth is tightened.
good bottom - Track that is firm under the surface, which may be dry or wet.
good (track) - A dirt track that is almost fast or a turf course slightly softer than firm.
good early speed - A horse that breaks alertly, shows races up near the leaders, then tires.
good effort - Term similar to gamely, but has a slightly different connotation. This is more of an editorial comment for a horse that turned in a solid performance, but failed to come away with a victory for any number of reasons. He could have overcome traffic problems, dueled for command throughout, or may have been forced to race wide throughout while finishing well and may have been best with better racing luck.
good position - When a horse is well placed off the leaders, offering the opportunity to rally for the victory.
got through - When a horse is able to successfully move into an opening, either along the rail or between horses.
grab a quarter - Injury to the back of the hoof or foot caused by a horse stepping on itself (usually affects the front foot). Being stepped on from behind in the same manner, usually affects the back foot. A very common injury during racing. Generally, the injury is minor.
graded race - Using a system of designating importance of particular stakes races, grade 1 attracting most competitive horses.
graduate - 1) Winning for the first time, horse or rider. 2) A horse that has moved up to allowance, stakes or handicap racing.
granddam - See second dam.
grandsire - The grandfather of a horse; father (sire) of the horse's dam or sire.
grass slip - Used in some areas, permission to exercise a horse on the turf course.
gravel - Infection of the hoof resulting from a crack in the white line (the border between the insensitive and sensitive laminae). An abscess usually forms in the sensitive structures and eventually breaks at the coronet as the result of the infection.
green osselet - An inflammation and swelling in the fetlock joint of young horses, particularly on the front of the joints where the cannon and long pastern bones meet. See arthritis.
greenly - Generally used for horses with little or no racing experience. They either race forwardly, drop back, the come again, or weave in and out during the stretch run. This term is similar to, but not exactly the same as the term erratic.
grey - An Arabian horse color where the majority of the coat is a mixture of black or chestnut or dark brown combined with white hairs. The mane, tail and legs may be either black or grey unless white markings are present. Arabian horses are never born grey, but are a solid color and turn grey as they age.
groom - A person who cares for a horse in a stable.
group race - Established in 1971 by racing organizations in Britain, France, Germany and Italy to classify select stakes races outside North America. Collectively called "pattern races." Equivalent to North American graded races. Always denoted with Arabic numerals 1, 2, or 3. Capitalized when used in race title (the Group 1 Epsom Derby). See graded race.
growth plates - Located at the end of long bones where they grow in length. See physis.
guttural pouch - A sac in the side of the head that may become infected. The sac is a pouch that is part of the eustachian tube, a passage between the pharynx and the inner ear and is unique to the horse.
half-brother, half-sister - Horses out of the same dam but by different sires. Horses with the same sire and different dams are not considered half-siblings.
halter - Like a bridle, but lacking a bit. Used in handling horses around the stable and when they are not being ridden. (to) halter - Slang for claiming a horse.
hand - Four inches. A horse's height is measured in hands and inches from the top of the shoulder (withers) to the ground, e.g., 15.2 hands is 15 hands, 2 inches. Arabians range from 14 to 16 hands with 15.0-15.2 as the norm.
hand ride - Urging a horse with the hands and not using the whip.
handicap - 1) Race for which the track handicapper assigns the weights to be carried. 2) To make selections on the basis of past performances.
handily - 1) Working in the morning with maximum effort. Compare with, 2) A horse racing well within itself, with little exertion from the jockey.
handle - Amount of money wagered in the parimutuels on a race, a program, during a meeting or for a year.
hard used - A horse that was hard ridden during some stage of the race, generally to keep up with another horse while dueling for the lead. In most instances, a horse that is hard used will tire during the late stages.
headed - When a horse has the lead, then another rival briefly gains a short advantage. Generally this term is used when the horse in question retakes the lead at another point in the race.
hard (track) - A condition of a turf course where there is no resiliency to the surface.
hard boot - Denotes a well-traveled breeder whose boots are caked with mud and therefore hard. By extension, a breeder or trainer whose methods are characterized as old-fashioned.
harrow - Implement or unit with pulling teeth or tines used to rake and loosen the upper surface of a track.
head - A margin between horses. One horse leading another by the length of its head.
head of the stretch - Beginning of the straight run to the finish line.
heat - 1) A race in which more then one running is required to decide the winner. More common in harness racing. 2) A breeding term. See estrus.
heaves - Emphysema. See chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
heavy (track) - Wettest possible condition of a course.
heel crack - A crack on the heel of the hoof. Also called a sand crack.
held place - When a horse finishes second but has enough left to hold off the rest of the field.
held well - When a horse finished well enough to hold his position through the stretch run.
helmet - A lightweight fiberglass cap worn by riders to prevent head injuries. It is required equipment that is not considered part of a jockey's riding weight.
hematoma - A blood-filled area resulting from injury.
high weight - Highest weight assigned or carried in a race.
hip - Joint located in the hindquarters, which is formed by the pelvis and the femur.
hit gate - Term used at the start of a race when a horse that bounces off the side of the gate at the break due to one of a number of factors. This incident can only be seen through reviewing the head on video tape replay of the race.
hit rail - Term is used for a horse that hits the inner rail at some point during the race. A horse could hit the rail for a number of reasons including ducking in and hitting the rail due to his own efforts, or being forced in by another horse when in tight quarters, hitting the rail.
hit with rival's whip - This may occur during the stretch drive when two horses are dueling for the lead and are lapped on one another. With both riders hitting their mounts, it is possible for one horse to be hit by the other rider's whip inadvertently.
hock - A large joint just above the shin bone in the rear legs. Corresponds to the level of the knee of the front leg.
homebred - A horse bred by its owner.
hood - A (usually) nylon covering which goes over a horse's head to which blinkers or earmuffs are attached.
hoof - The foot of the horse. Consists of several parts that play an integral role in supporting the weight of the horse.
hopped - A horse that has been illegally stimulated.
horse - When reference is made to sex, a horse is an ungelded male five-years-old or older.
horsing - Behavior of a mare in heat (in season). See estrus.
hot walker - Person who walks horses to cool them out after workout or races.
hustled along - A horse that is being kept to urging, either by the use of the whip or strong hand urging to keep up or maintain position.
hung - A horse that looks like he is going to emerge as the winner, driving right up alongside the leader(s) but just does not have enough to go by, and flattens out or finishes evenly.
hyaluronic acid - A normal component of joint fluid. Also can be a man-made intra-articular medication used to relieve joint inflammation.
icing - 1) A physical therapy procedure, properly known as "cryotherapy." 2) When a horse is stood in a tub of ice or ice packs are applied to the legs to reduce inflammation and/or swelling.
IM - Abbreviation for intra-muscular; an injection given in a muscle.
impaction - A type of colic caused by a blockage of the intestines by ingested materials (constipation).
impost - Weight carried or assigned.
in foal - Pregnant mare.
in hand - Term describing a riding style in which a jockey is trying to conserve a horse's energy for the later stages of a race. It can be used for a horse running on the lead, with the rider slowing down the pace, or for a late running sort who does not want to be rushed before launching his bid.
in tight - A horse that is experiencing traffic troubles during a certain point of the race. If a horse lacks racing room due to bunching of the field, or his rider has to check or steady in traffic, he is in tight.
inside - Term describing a horse's positioning on the track. It is particularly effective for handicappers who are trying to determine track bias and for trip handicappers. It is just as important as noting how wide a horse has raced.
inferior check ligament - A direct continuation of the posterior (back) ligaments of the knee (carpus), located below the knee. Function is in support of the deep flexor tendon.
infield - Area encompassed by the inner rail of the racetrack.
inquiry - Reviewing the race to check into a possible infraction of the rules. Also, a sign flashed by officials on the tote board on such occasions. If lodged by a jockey, it is called an objection.
insensitive laminae - The layer just under the wall of the hoof; similar to the human fingernail. It is an integral structure that helps to attach the hoof wall to the underlying coffin bone.
in the bridle - See on the bit.
in the money - A horse that finishes first, second or third, although races pay a percentage of the purse also to 4th and 5th place.
intra-articular - Within a joint.
Irish rail - Movable rail.
irons - See stirrups.
ischemia - Deficiency of blood supply, which may be temporary or permanent. Caused by the shutting down of the blood vessels.
isolation barn - A facility used to separate sick horses from healthy ones.
ITW - Intertrack wagering.
IV - Abbreviation for intravenous; an injection given in the vein.
jail - Refers to the requirement that a horse which has been claimed that next runs in a claiming race must run for a claiming price 25 percent higher for the next 30 days. Commonly used in the phrase The horse is in (out of) jail.
jockey claimed foul - When a jockey has claimed foul against another horse in the field and the stewards determined that there was insufficient evidence to warrant a disqualification.
jockey fee - Sum paid to rider for competing in a race.
jockey's race - A race whose outcome will hinge mostly on strategic thinking by the riders; i.e., one in which riders must pay close attention to pace to keep their horses fresh for a strong finish.
jog - Slow, easy gait.
joint capsule - The structure that comprises the boundary to the joint space.
just failed - When the horse has the lead but is narrowly beaten by a rival in the late going.
just lasted - A term similar to all out, describing a horse who was struggling to hold on to a diminishing lead, but did hang on for the victory. The term just lasted is used only for a horse that wins.
just missed - A horse that, as opposed to one that just lasted, was gaining ground with every stride and with just a bit more ground, would likely have emerged with a win. Obviously, horses that just missed would have been beaten in a photo finish.
jumped tracks - In most instances this would refer to a horse that had jumped tracks left across the racing surface by the starting gate. This horse left his feet and was thrown off stride.
jumped shadow - A horse that jumps shadows that cover the track from time to time. The horse left his feet and was thrown off stride for a brief time.
lacked late response - A horse that has moved to contention, then lacks that final closing kick that could carry him to victory, or a horse that is well placed from the outset, but cannot muster a rally.
lactic acid - Organic acid normally present in muscle tissue, produced by anaerobic muscle metabolism as a by-product of exercise. An increase in lactic acid causes muscle fatigue, inflammation and pain.
lame - A deviation from a normal gait due to pain in a limb or its supporting structures.
laminae - A part of the hoof. See insensitive laminae and sensitive laminae.
laminitis - An inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the foot. There are many factors involved, including changes in the blood flow through the capillaries of the foot. Many events can cause laminitis, including ingesting toxic levels of grain, eating lush grass, systemic disease problems, high temperature, toxemia, retained placenta, excessive weight-bearing as occurs when the opposite limb is injured, and the administration of some drugs. Laminitis usually manifests itself in the front feet, develops rapidly, and is life-threatening. In mild cases, however, a horse can resume a certain amount of athletic activity. Also known as founder.
Lasix - See furosemide.
late double - A second daily double offered during the latter part of the program. See daily double.
late gain - When a horse closes ground through the stretch run, finishing closer to the leaders than he was when entering the stretch.
late rally - As with a number of other terms such as finished well, gaining and found best stride late, this describes a horse that is steadily closing ground through the stretch run after racing off the pace.
lateral - Toward the side and farther from the center. Pertains to a side.
lathered (up) - See washed out.
lead [LED] - Lead weights carried in pockets on both sides of the saddle, used to make up the difference between the actual weight of the jockey and the weight the horse has been assigned to carry during the race.
lead [LEED] - 1) See shank. 2) The front leg that is last to hit the ground during a gallop or canter. See "Gaits" in veterinary supplement for a more detailed definition.
lead [LEED] pony - See pony.
led between calls - This term is especially helpful for handicappers who are reviewing race result information. Sometimes a horse gains the lead between our points of call, then is not in front at the next point of call.
led throughout - A horse that wins the race in front running fashion, leading virtually every step of the way.
left handed urging- A horse that was under strong left handed whipping by his rider.
leg up - 1) To help a jockey mount a horse. 2) A jockey having a mount.
length - A measurement approximating the length of a horse, used to denote distance between horses in a race.
ligament - A band of fibrous tissue connecting bones, which serve to support and strengthen joints and to limit the range of motion. There are also ligaments that support certain organs.
listed race - A stakes race just below a group race or graded race in quality.
lock - Slang for a "sure" winner.
long drive - A horse that was kept to pressure for an unusually long period of time . Most horses have a burst of speed for about an eighth of a mile, however, others can prevail after a prolonged drive and this in when this term comes into use.
loomed boldly - When a horse moves rapidly to challenge for the lead.
lost action - A horse that does not have a smooth stride in a race. The reasons for a horse to lose action are varied, but can include that he disliked the track, has to steady for some reason or another, or was rank.
lost ground - When a horse loses lengths between one point and another in the race. In many instances, a horse loses ground when he is forced to race wide or encounters traffic problems.
lost irons - When a jockey loses one or both of his stirrups during the race. In many instances a rider loses his irons at the start, due to the fact that a horse does not break cleanly and throws him off balance, or when a horse stumbles or checks sharply in traffic.
lost jockey - When a rider falls off his horse for any of a number of reasons. Horses lose their riders frequently at the start when they stumble, or when a rider has to avoid other fallen horses or riders during a spill.
lost whip - Term applies to a jockey who has lost his whip during the running of a race
lugged in - A horse that pulls inward, generally during the stretch run despite his rider's efforts. Also used: bore in.
lugged out - A horse that pulls outward, generally during the stretch run despite his rider's efforts.. It can be best seen by reviewing the head on video replay. Also used: bore out.
lunge - 1) Horse rearing and plunging. 2) A method of exercising a horse on a long rope in a large circle ("lunge line").
lunged start - Term is used at the start and describes a horse that lunges into the air at the break. It is essentially the same as broke in air, but not quite as severe.
magnetic therapy - Physical therapy technique using magnetic fields. The low-energy electrical field created by the magnetic field causes dilation of the blood vessels (vasodilation) and tissue stimulation. Magnetic therapy may be used on soft tissue to treat such injuries as tendinitis or bony (skeletal) injuries such as bucked shins.
maiden - 1) A horse or rider that has not won a race. 2) A female that has never been bred, maiden mare.
mane - Long hairs growing on the crest of the horse's neck, which for racing are usually kept clipped to about six inches in length for neatness, or decoratively braided to avoid entangling the jockey’s hands while aboard the horse.
mare - Female horse five-years-old or older.
mare's month - September. In theory, because mares that have not run well during the summer often "wake up" in September.
mash - Soft, moist mixture, hot or cold, of grain and other feed that is easily digested by horses.
massage - Rubbing of various parts of the anatomy to stimulate healing.
medial - Pertaining to the middle in anatomy, nearer the medial plane (the horizontal plane that bisects the center).
medication list - A list kept by the track veterinarian and published by the track and Daily Racing Form (when provided by track officials) showing which horses have been treated with legally prescribed medications.
metacarpal (fracture) - Usually refers to a fracture of the cannon bone, located between the knee and the fetlock joint in the front leg. Also may refer to a fracture of the splint bone.
mid-body (fracture) - See sesamoids.
middle distance - Broadly, from one mile to 1-1/8 miles.
middle move - This term is another designed to help the serious handicapper. A middle move occurs when a horse moves quickly to contention during the middle stages of a race, then lacks a further response and finishes evenly.
middle of pack - When a horse races in the mid range of horses in the field. (e.g. a horse running fifth, sixth or seventh in a field of twelve is racing in the middle of the pack).
mild bid - When a horse makes a slight gain in position to move within challenging range.
mild rally - As with a number of other terms, this describes when a horse makes up ground during the stretch run. In this instance, the gain is minimal.
minus pool - A mutuel pool caused when a horse is so heavily played that, after deductions of state tax and commission, there is not enough money left to pay the legally prescribed minimum on each winning bet. The racing association usually makes up the difference.
moderate pace - When the fractional times of a race are slightly slower than the norm for the distance.
money rider - A rider who excels in rich races.
monkey-on-a-stick - Type of riding with short stirrups popularized by old-time Thoroughbred riding great Tod Sloan.
monorchid - A male horse of any age that has only one testicle in his scrotum-the other testicle was either removed or is undescended. See cryptorchid; ridgling.
morning glory - Horse that performs well in morning workouts but fails to reproduce that form in races.
morning line - Probable odds on each horse in a race, as determined by a mathematical formula used by the track handicapper, who tries to gauge both the ability of the horse and the likely final odds as determined by the bettors.
much the best - Term used only with a horse that has won the race. He drew out to an authoritative win, and as indicated, was a superior animal on this particular day.
muddy (track) - A condition of a racetrack which is wet but has no standing water.
mudder - Horse that races well on muddy tracks. Also known as a "mudlark."
musculoskeletal system - Consisting of the bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and joints of the head, vertebral column and limbs, together with the associated muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints.
mutuel pool - Short for "parimutuel pool." Sum of the wagers on a race or event, such as the win pool, daily double pool, exacta pool, etc.
muzzle - 1) Nose and lips of a horse. 2) A guard placed over a horse's mouth to prevent it from biting or eating.
name (of an Arabian horse) - Names of Arabian racehorses are registered by the Arabian Horse Association. They can be no longer than 21 characters, including spaces.
nasogastric tube - A long tube that is capable of reaching from the nose to the stomach.
navicular bone - A small, flat bone within the confines of the hoof that helps-along with the short pastern bone and the coffin bone-to make up the coffin joint.
navicular disease - A degenerative disease that affects the navicular bone (small bone in the back of the foot), navicular bursa and deep flexor tendon. Generally considered a disease of the front feet. Both front feet are often affected, but one will usually be more noticeable than the other.
near side - Left side of a horse. Side on which a horse is mounted.
neck - Unit of measurement. About the length of a horse's neck; a little less than a quarter of a length.
nerving - See neurectomy.
Netlon - Brand name for a plastic mesh which is mixed into the soil of a turf course. The grass roots grow around and through the mesh, helping to prevent divoting, especially in wet weather.
neurectomy - A surgical procedure in which the nerve supply to the navicular area is removed. The toe and remainder of the foot have feeling. Also referred to as posterior digital neurectomy or heel nerve. Also known as nerving.
never far back - A horse that raced in contention during the early stages of a race. He was racing in good position. Term also used: well placed.
nicely rated - Describes a riding style in which a jockey did a good job of either slowing down the pace, or conserving a horse's energy. A horse that was nicely rated was allowed to relax, and more often than not produced a good effort.
night eyes - See chestnuts.
no excuse - A horse that was well placed within striking distance, but failed to produce the needed winning response.
no factor - A horse that failed to be prominent at any point in the race.
no match for winner - Term used only with a horse that has finished second. In this instance the winner was a clearly superior animal, but the horse in question was second best.
no rally - When a horse is in position to be a sharp factor, then lacked the needed response once called upon. Also used: failed to respond, lacked late response.
no speed - A horse that shows no speed at all during the entire race. Also used: no factor, outrun.
no threat - A horse that runs an even race and was not really a factor at any point. Also used: no factor.
nod - Lowering of head. To win by a nod, a horse extends its head with its nose touching the finish line ahead of a close competitor.
Nom de Course - Name adopted by an owner or group of owners for racing purposes.
nominator - One who owns a horse at the time it is named to compete in a stakes race.
non-sweater - See anhydrosis.
nose - Smallest advantage a horse can win by. Called a short head in Britain.
nose band - A leather strap that goes over the bridge of a horse's nose to help secure the bridle. A "figure eight" nose band goes over the bridge of the nose and under the rings of the bit to help keep the horse's mouth closed. This keeps the tongue from sliding up over the bit and is used on horses that do not like having a tongue tie used.
Oaks - A stakes event for Arabian four-year-old fillies (females).
objection - Claim of foul lodged by rider, patrol judge or other official after the running of a race. If lodged by official, it is called an inquiry.
oblique (fracture) - Fracture at an angle.
OCD lesion - A cartilaginous or bony lesion that is the result of a failure in development.
odds-on - Odds of less than even money.
official - 1) Notice displayed when a race result is confirmed. 2) Used to denote a racing official.
off side - Right side of horse.
off slowly - Term used at the start of a race when a horse breaks cleanly, but a few lengths slower than the rest of the field. Also used: broke slowly.
off-track betting - Wagering at legalized betting outlets usually run by the tracks, management companies specializing in parimutuel wagering, or, in New York State, by independent corporations chartered by the state. Wagers at OTB sites are usually commingled with on-track betting pools.
oiled (oiling) - Administration of mineral oil via nasogastric tube to relieve gas or pass blockage. Preventative procedure commonly used in long van rides to prevent impaction with subsequent colics. See colic.
on the bit - When a horse is eager to run. Also known as in the bridle.
on the board - Finishing among the first three.
on the muscle - Denotes a fit horse.
on the nose - Betting a horse to win only.
open fracture - See compound fracture.
open knee - A condition of young horses in which the physis of the knee has not closed; an immature knee. Often used to describe the status of the physis immediately above the knee and is an indicator of long bone growth in youngsters.
osselet - See arthritis.
osteoarthritis - A permanent form of arthritis with progressive loss of the articular cartilage in a joint. See degenerative joint disease.
OTB - Abbreviation for off-track betting.
out of the money - A horse that finishes worse than third.
outfinished - Describes a horse that is in sharp contention during the late stages of a race, then lacked the needed surge to gain a victory. He may be turning in his best effort, but may not be good enough on this particular day.
outrun - Applies to a horse's entire performance when he races well back during the entire race. He was either overmatched or for some reason or other was never a factor in the outcome. Also used: no threat, no factor.
over at the knee - A leg that looks like it has a forward arc with its center at the knee when viewed from the side.
overcheck - A strap that holds the bit in place.
overgirth - An elastic band that goes completely around a horse, over the saddle, to keep the saddle from slipping.
over-reaching - Toe of hind shoe striking the forefoot or foreleg.
overland - Racing wide throughout, outside of other horses.
overlay - A horse going off at higher odds than it appears to warrant based on its past performances.
overnight - A sheet published by the racing secretary's office listing the entries for an upcoming racing card.
overnight race - A race in which entries close a specific number of hours before running (such as 48 hours), as opposed to a stakes race for which nominations close weeks and sometimes months in advance.
overweight - Surplus weight carried by a horse when the rider cannot make the required weight.
pacesetter - The horse that is running in front (on the lead).
paddle - See toe-in.
paddock - Area where horses are saddled and paraded before being taken onto the track.
paddock judge - Official in charge of paddock and saddling routine.
paint - Counter-irritant used to increase blood supply, blood flow and to promote healing in the leg. A mild form of blistering.
palmer - Back of the front limb from the knee down.
panel - A slang term for a furlong.
parimutuel(s) - A form of wagering originated in 1865 by Frenchman Pierre Oller in which all money bet is divided up among those who have winning tickets, after taxes, takeout and other deductions are made. Oller called his system parier mutuel meaning mutual stake or betting among ourselves. As this wagering method was adopted in England it became known as Paris mutuals, and soon after called parimutuels.
parlay -A multi-race bet in which all winnings are subsequently wagered on each succeeding race.
parrot mouth - A horse with an extreme overbite.
part wheel - Using a key horse or horses in different, but not all possible, exotic wagering combinations. See wheel.
passed tiring rivals - A horse that is gaining position, but only due to the fact that others in the race are tiring and he is finishing evenly. The horse in question is moving up in racing position (i.e. moving from eighth to sixth position), but is not gaining ground significantly on the leaders.
pasteboard track - A lightning fast racing surface.
past performances - A horse's racing record, earnings, bloodlines and other data, presented in composite form.
pastern (bones) - Denotes the area between the fetlock joint and the hoof. The joint between the long and short pastern bones is called the pastern joint. Can also be used to describe the area of the limb or to describe a specific bone long pastern bone. Technically known as the P1 (long) and P2 (short).
patrol judge(s) - Official(s) who observe the progress of a race from various vantage points around the track.
pattern race - See group race.
pedal bone - See coffin bone.
perfect trip - Describes a horse that has experienced no traffic trouble during the race and was not forced to race wide at any point (saved ground).
perfecta - See exacta.
periostitis - Inflammation of the tissue (periosteum) that overlies bone. Periostitis of the cannon bone is referred to as bucked shins, while periostitis of the splint bone is called a splint. May be heard in the expression, popped a splint.
phenylbutazolidan - See bute.
phenylbutazone - See bute.
photo finish - A result so close it is necessary to use the finish-line camera to determine the order of finish.
physis - Plural physes. The growth plate at the end of the long bones such as the cannon bone that lets the bone grow in length.
Pick (number) - A type of multi-race wager in which the winners of all the included races must be selected. Pick Three (sometimes called the "Daily Triple"), Pick Six and Pick Nine are common.
pill - Small numbered ball used in a blind draw to decide post positions.
pinched back - Term generally used at the start. It is used when a horse is forced to steady slightly when one rival comes in and another comes out, with the horse in question left with no room to run, therefore steadying or checking. It can also be used during the running of a race. Term interchangeable with in tight.
pin firing - Thermocautery used to increase blood flow to the leg to promote healing.
pinhooker - A person who buys a racehorse with the specific intention of re-selling it at a profit.
pipe-opener - Exercise at a brisk speed.
place - Second position at finish.
place bet - Wager on a horse to finish first or second.
placing judge - Official who posts the order of finish in a race.
plantar - Pertaining to the sole of the foot or back of the hind limb from the hock down.
plantar ligament - The large ligament that is below and behind the hock joint.
plate(s) - 1) A prize for a winner. Usually less valuable than a cup. 2) Generic term for lightweight aluminum horseshoes used during a race.
plater - 1) Claiming horse. 2) A farrier.
pocket - A position in a race with horses in front and alongside.
point(s) of call - A horse's position at various locations on the racetrack where its running position is noted on a chart. The locations vary with the distance of the race.
pole(s) - Markers at measured distances around the track designating the distance from the finish. The quarter pole, for instance, is a quarter of a mile from the finish, not from the start.
poll - The top of the head, between the ears.
pony - Any horse or pony that leads the parade of the field from paddock to starting gate. Also, a horse or pony which accompanies a starter to the starting gate. Also known as a lead [LEED] pony. Also can be used as a verb as in: He was ponied to the gate.
pool - See mutuel pool.
popped a splint - See periostitis.
post - 1) Starting point for a race. 2) An abbreviated version of post position. For example: He drew post five. 3) As a verb, to record a win. For example: The horse has posted 9 wins in 10 starts.
posterior - Situated behind or toward the rear.
post parade - Horses going from paddock to starting gate past the stands.
post position - Position of stall in starting gate from which a horse starts.
post time - Designated time for a race to start.
preferred list - Horses with prior rights to starting, usually because they have previously been entered in races that have not filled with the minimum number of starters.
prep (race) - A workout or race used to prepare a horse for a future engagement.
pressed pace - A horse has good speed and is forcing the pace set by a rival or rivals.
prevailed - This term is used only for a winner. It describes a situation when a horse has been put to an extended drive with stiff competition and emerged with a game win.
probably best - When a horse should have won the race, but does not due to factors such as having to steady at a critical point in the race, racing wide, etc.
prop - When a horse suddenly stops moving by digging its front feet into the ground.
proximal - Toward the body, i.e., the proximal cannon region is the upper portion of the cannon bone.
public trainer - One whose services are not exclusively engaged by a single stable and who accepts horses from a number of owners.
pulled suspensory - Suspensory ligament injury (suspensory desmitis) in which some portion of the fibers of the ligament have been disrupted and some loss of support of the distal limb may have occurred.
pull up - To stop or slow a horse during or after a race or workout.
pulled up - Term used to describe a horse that does not finish a race. His jockey is trying to bring his mount to a complete stop due to a number of reasons, generally unsoundness.
purse - The total monetary amount distributed after a race to the owners of the entrants who have finished in the (usually) top five positions. In Texas, normal purse distribution is to five places. Some Arabian stakes will pay to six places as in 50% to the winner, 22% to second, 12% to third, 7% to fourth, 5% to fifth and 4% to sixth placed horses.
quarantine barn - 1) A U.S. Department of Agriculture structure used to isolate foreign horses for a short period of time to ensure they are not carrying any diseases. The structure may be at a racetrack, airport or specially designated facility. Horses must be cleared by a federal veterinarian before being released from quarantine. 2) Any facility used to keep infected horses away from the general equine population.
quarter crack - A crack between the toe and heel, usually extending into the coronary band.
quick move - When a horse gains lengths on the leader very rapidly.
quinella - Wager in which the first two finishers must be picked in either order.
rabbit - A speed horse running as an entry with another, usually come-from-behind horse. The rabbit is expected to set a fast pace to help the chances of its stablemate.
racing secretary - Official who drafts conditions of races and assigns weights for handicap events.
radiograph - The picture or image on film generated by x-rays.
rail - The barrier on either side of the racing strip. Sometimes referred to as the "fence."
rail runner - Horse that prefers to run next to the inside rail.
rallied - Horse gains ground significantly through the stretch run. Also used in this case: closed willingly, finished well and late rally.
ran off post parade - A horse that is fractious or rank in the post parade and gets the best of his rider and runs off prior or during the warm up period.
rank - A horse that is fighting his jockey and is unmanageable. A horse that refuses to settle under a jockey's handling in a race, running in a headstrong manner without respect to pace.
rattle - A horse that likes a firm turf course. Used in the expression: He likes to hear his feet rattle.
receiving barn - Structure used by horses shipping in for a race who do not have a stall at that racetrack.
redboard - 1) Old-time method of declaring a race official, by posting a red flag or board on the tote board. 2) A mildly derogatory phrase used to describe someone who claims to have selected the winner, but always after the race.
refused to break - A horse who stands in the gate after the starter has opened the gates and will not come out.
reins - Long straps that are connected to the bit and used by the jockey to control the horse.
reserve - A minimum price, set by the consignor, for a horse in a public auction.
reserved - 1) Held for a particular engagement or race. 2) Held off the pace.
respiratory system - Organ system responsible for gas exchange from nostrils to lungs.
returned lame - A horse that returns to be unsaddled following the running or a race that is limping noticeably.
returned sore - A horse that returned sore is one that is walking gingerly when returning to be unsaddled. When he stops to have his saddle removed, he may stand with his legs spread unusually far apart.
ridden out - Term used only to describe a winner. A ridden out winner is one who is under intermittent urging (whipping) by his rider or under a mild hand ride through the final furlong.
ride short - Using short stirrups.
ridgling ("rig") - A term describing either a cryptorchid or monorchid.
right handed urging - A horse that is under right handed whipping.
ring bone - Osteoarthritis of joints between the pastern bones (high ring bone) or just above the coronet (low ring bone).
ring bit - A special bit for racing recognized for its ability to stop a horse. Contains a snaffle piece and a metal ring that also goes through the mouth and circles below the mouth.
RNA - Reserve not achieved. See reserve.
roaring (laryngeal hemiplegia) - A whistling sound made by a horse during inhalation while exercising. It is caused by a partial or total paralysis of the nerves controlling the muscles which elevate the arytenoid cartilages which thereby open the larynx. In severe cases, a surgical procedure known as tie-back surgery (laryngoplasty) is performed, in which a suture is inserted through the cartilage to hold it out of the airway permanently.
rogue - Ill-tempered horse.
rogue's badge - Blinkers.
rough trip - Describes a horse that experienced a number of incidents that compromised his chances of winning. (e.g. a horse that steadied at the start, was in tight on the turn, forced was forced to alter course, etc.).
roughed - Used to describe a horse that has experienced traffic problems. His jockey has been forced to steady due to the fact that a rival has impeded his progress. He has been bumped and jostled around.
roused - When a jockey asks his mount to respond, either by strong hand urging or by using the whip.
route - Broadly, a race distance of longer than 1-1/8 miles.
router - Horse that performs well at longer distances.
ruled off - See suspend.
run down - Abrasions of the heel.
rundown bandages - See bandages.
rushed to contention - When a horse makes a quick move to become a sharp factor. He may either sustain his bid, or flatten out.
rushed to lead - When a horse makes a quick move from off the leaders to take command.
saddle - A racing saddle is the lightest saddle used, weighing less than two pounds.
saddle cloth - A cotton cloth which goes under the saddle to absorb sweat. It usually has the horse's program number.
saddle pad - A piece of felt, sheepskin, or more usually, foam rubber, used as a base for the saddle.
saddle slipped - Term used in race program when the saddle on a horse has moved either backward or sideways due to the fact that the girth, which holds the saddle in place has not been tightened properly. When a horse's saddle slips, in most instances the jockey loses proper balance and cannot control his mount.
sand crack - See heel crack.
saucer (fracture) - Stress fracture of the front of the cannon bone that can be straight or curved.
savage - When a horse bites another horse or a person.
savaged - Term applies in a racing program when a horse that is quite competitive is dueling with another rival and he reaches out, attempting to bite them. Generally shows up well when reviewing the head on video tape replay.
saved ground - Describes the trip that the horse had during the race. If a horse is allowed to stay inside, just off the inner rail throughout, he saved ground.
scale of weights - Fixed weights to be carried by horses according to their age, sex, race distance and time of year.
schooling - Process of familiarizing a horse with the starting gate and teaching it racing practices. A horse may also be schooled in the paddock.
scintigraphy - A technique where radio-labeled technetium is injected intravenously into a horse. A gamma camera is used to record uptake of the nucleotide in the tissues. It is particularly useful diagnostically to localize an area of inflammation in the musculoskeletal system.
scratch - To be taken out of a race before it starts. Trainers usually scratch horses due to adverse track conditions or a horse's adverse health. A veterinarian can scratch a horse at any time.
screw fixation - A procedure in which steel-alloy screws are surgically inserted to hold together a fractured bone.
second best - Term is used for a horse that finishes second, and is clearly superior to the rest of horses in the field.
second call - A secondary mount of a jockey in a race in the event his primary mount is scratched.
second dam - Grandmother of a horse. Also known as a granddam.
second flight - When a horse is racing in the second group of horses in a race. Generally there is a group of horses dueling for the lead, then another group a few lengths back. A horse in the second group is racing in the second flight.
selling race - See claiming race.
sensitive laminae - The area of the hoof that contains nerves and vessels.
sesamoid bones - Two small bones (medial and lateral sesamoids) located above and at the back of the fetlock joint. Four common fractures of the sesamoids are apical (along the top of the bone), abaxial (the side of the sesamoid away from the ankle joint), mid-body (sesamoid broken in half) and basilar (through the bottom) fractures.
sesamoid (fracture) - Fracture of the sesamoid bone. Fractures can be small chips or involve the entire bone. Surgical repair is often done by arthroscopy.
sesamoiditis - Inflammation of the sesamoid bones.
set - A group of horses being exercised together.
set down - 1) A suspension. For example: The jockey was set down 10 days for careless riding. 2) When a jockey assumes a lower crouch in the saddle while urging the horse to pick up speed. For example: The horse was set down for the drive to the finish.
set pace - A situation where a horse is leading at any point during a race.
set pressured pace - When a horse is racing on the lead, but has a rival in close pursuit less than a length back.
sex allowance - Female horses (fillies and mares), according to their age and the time of year, are allowed to carry three to five pounds less when racing against males.
shadow roll - A (usually sheepskin) roll that is secured over the bridge of a horse's nose to keep it from seeing shadows on the track and shying away from or jumping them.
shank - Rope or strap attached to a halter or bridle by which a horse is led.
shedrow - Stable area. A row of barns.
sheets - A handicapping tool assigning a numerical value to each race run by a horse to enable different horses running at different racetracks to be objectively compared.
shoe boil - See capped elbow.
short - A horse in need of more work or racing to reach winning form.
shoulder - Area located at the base of the neck, formed by the scapula and the humerus. The angle of the shoulder usually is the same as that of the foreleg pastern. The more laid back the shoulder is, the further out the forelegs can reach, producing an even, rhythmic motion. The heavily muscled shoulder area is one of two regions on the horse's body (the other being the hindquarters) that a jockey is permitted to touch with a whip.
show - Third position at the finish.
show bet - Wager on a horse to finish in the money; third or better.
showed little - Describes a horse's entire race. If he was not in contention at any point, he showed little. Interchangeable term with no factor, no threat, outrun.
shuffled back - In most instances, this term is used at the start, when a horse becomes sandwiched between rivals. He does not have to steady sharply, however he does lose valuable position. This term may also be used when horses are bunched and lose position.
shut off - A case in which a horse is caught in traffic with no racing room. In most instances the jockey will have to take up when in this situation.
silks - Jacket and cap worn by riders to designate owner of the horse
simple (fracture) - A fracture along a single line which does not penetrate the skin.
simulcast - A simultaneous live television transmission of a race to other tracks, off-track betting offices or other outlets for the purpose of wagering.
sire - 1) The male parent. 2) As a verb, to have been used to create foals as in: He sired 30 foals in his first crop.
slab (fracture) - A fracture in a bone in a joint that extends from one articular surface to another. Most often seen in the third carpal bone of the knee.
slipped - A breeding term meaning spontaneous abortion.
sloppy (track) - A racing strip that is saturated with water; with standing water visible.
slow (track) - A racing strip that is wet on both the surface and base.
slow early - This term is generally reserved for stretch runners. Many horses have to settle into stride for a period of time before launching their bid and this is a good descriptive term to categorize this running style.
slow pace - When the fractional times of a race are substantially slower than the average times for that distance.
snaffle bit - See bit.
snip - Small patch of white hairs on the nose or lips of a horse.
socks - Solid white markings extending from the top of the hoof to the ankles.
soft (track) - Condition of a turf course with a large amount of moisture. Horses sink very deeply into it.
solid horse - Contender.
sophomores - Four-year-old Arabian racehorses. Called sophomores because age four is the second year of racing eligibility.
spavin - See bog and bone spavin.
speed - Term used in conjunction with a position on the track to indicate that a horse was prominent to this point (e.g. speed to upper stretch).
speedy cut - Injury to the inside of the knee or hock caused by a strike from another foot.
spiral (fracture) - Fracture that spirals around bone.
spit box - A generic term describing a barn where horses are brought for post-race testing. Tests may include saliva, urine and/or blood.
spit the bit - A term referring to a tired horse that begins to run less aggressively, backing off on the pull a rider normally feels on the reins from an eager horse. Also used as a generic term for an exhausted horse.
splint - 1) Either of the two small bones that lie along the sides of the cannon bone. 2) The condition where calcification occurs on the splint bone causing a bump. This can result from response to a fracture or other irritation to the splint bone. A common injury is a popped splint, see periostitis.
split horses - Refers to a horse that moves between horses to gain contention.
sprint - Short race, less than one mile.
squeezed - Term generally used at the start. When a horse is sandwiched between rivals, losing valuable ground. Also called pinched back.
stakes - A race for which the owner usually must pay a fee to run a horse. The fees can be for nominating, maintaining eligibility, entering and starting, to which the track adds more money to make up the total purse. Some stakes races are by invitation and require no payment or fee.
stakes-placed - Finished second or third in a stakes race.
stakes horse - A horse whose level of competition includes mostly stakes races.
stallion - A male horse not castrated and normally used for breeding.
stallion season - The right to breed one mare to a particular stallion during one breeding season.
stallion share - A lifetime breeding right to a stallion; one mare per season per share.
stall walker - Horse that moves about its stall constantly and frets rather than rests.
standing bandages - See bandage.
star - 1) Any of a number of white markings on the forehead, somewhere along an imaginary line connecting the tops of the eyes. 2) A type of credit a horse receives from the racing secretary if it is excluded from an over-filled race, giving it priority in entering future races.
starter - 1) An official responsible for ensuring a fair start to the race, the starter supervises the loading of horses into the starting gate through a gate crew. He/she also has control of the opening the gate. 2) A horse that is in the starting gate when the race begins, whether he runs or not.
starter race - An allowance or handicap race restricted to horses that have started for a specific claiming price or less.
starting gate - Partitioned mechanical device having stalls in which the horses are confined until the starter releases the stalls' confined front doors to begin the race.
state-bred - A horse bred in a particular state and thus eligible to compete in races restricted to state-breds.
stayer - A horse that can race long distances.
stalked pace - A situation when a horse is allowed to press the pace while still in hand. Also called pressed pace.
steadied - Term is interchangeable with checked and refers to a condition when a jockey has to take a strong hold on his mount due to the fact that he is experiencing traffic trouble. In most cases, a horse that has to steady is thrown off stride momentarily. If the steadying incident is not severe you may use steadied briefly, or if the incident in more pronounced, steadied sharply.
steady advance - Describes a horse that made constant, even progress to contention.
step up - A horse moving up in class to meet better competition.
stewards - Officials of the race meeting responsible for enforcing the rules of racing.
stick - A jockey's whip.
sticker - See calk.
stifle - The large joint above the hock which is made up by the femur, the patella and the tibia.
stirrups - Metal D-shaped rings into which a jockey places his/her feet. They can be raised or lowered depending on the jockey's preference. Also known as irons.
stockings - Solid white markings extending from the top of the hoof to the knee or hock.
stopped - A description of a horse who gives way suddenly or races forwardly and tires badly.
stress (fracture) - A fracture produced by the stress created by a repetitive loading cycle on the bone, commonly found in athletic training. Usually seen in the front of the cannon bone as a severe form of bucked shins. Also seen in the tibia and causes a hard-to-diagnose hind limb lameness.
(home) stretch - Final straight portion of the racetrack to the finish.
stretch call - Position of horses at the eighth pole.
stretch runner - Horse that runs its fastest nearing the finish of a race.
stretch turn - Bend of track into the final straightaway.
stride - Manner of going. Also, distance covered between successive imprints of the same hoof.
strip - A white marking running down a horse's face, starting under an imaginary line connecting the tops of the eyes.
stud - 1) Male horse used for breeding. 2) A breeding farm.
stud book - Registry and genealogical record of Arabians, maintained by the Arabian horse association of the country in question.
stumbled - A horse either loses his footing at the start and is scrambling to regain his best stride, or when he is caught in tight quarters and forced to steady. Another possibility is when a horse clips a rival's heels.
subscription - Fee paid by owner to nominate a horse for a stakes race or to maintain eligibility for a stakes race.
substitute race - Alternate race used to replace a regularly scheduled race that does not fill or is canceled.
suckling - A foal in its first year of life, while it is still nursing.
sulk - When a horse refuses to extend itself.
superficial flexor tendon - Present in all four legs, but injuries most commonly affect the front legs. Located on the back (posterior) of the front leg between the knee and the foot and between the hock and the foot on the rear leg. The function is to flex the digit (pastern) and knee (carpus) and to extend the elbow on the front leg and extend the hock on the rear leg. Functions in tandem with the deep flexor tendon.
superior check ligament - Fibrous band of tissue that originates above the knee and attaches to the superficial flexor tendon. Primary function is support of this tendon. Accessory ligament of the superficial flexor tendon.
suspensory ligament - Originates at the back of the knee (front leg) and the back of the top part of the cannon bone (hind leg), attaching to the sesamoid bones. The lower portion of the ligament attaches the lower part of the sesamoid bones to the pastern bones. Its function is to support the fetlock. The lower ligaments that attaches the sesamoid bone to the pastern bones are the distal sesamoidean ligaments.
swayback - Horse with a prominent concave shape of the backbone, usually just behind the withers (saddle area). Scoliosis.
swerved - When a horse changes course suddenly, either inward or outward.
swipe - A groom.
swung wide - When a horse is taken farther out from the inner rail to secure racing room.
synchronous diaphragmatic flutter - A contraction of the diaphragm in synchrony with the heart beat after strenuous exercise. Affected horses have a noticeable twitch or spasm in the flank area which may cause an audible sound, hence the term "thumps." Most commonly seen in electrolyte-depleted/exhausted horses. The condition resolves spontaneously with rest.
synovial fluid - Lubricating fluid contained within a joint, tendon sheath or bursa.
synovial joint - A movable joint that consists of articulating bone ends covered by articular cartilage held together with a joint capsule and ligaments and containing synovial fluid in the joint cavity.
synovial sheath - The inner lining of a tendon sheath that produces synovial fluid. Allows ease of motion for the tendons as they cross joints.
synovitis - Inflammation of a synovial structure, typically a synovial sheath.
tack - 1) Rider's racing equipment. Also applied to stable gear. 2) As a verb, a jockey, including his/her equipment, as in "My jockey tacks 117 pounds."
Tagamet - Trade name for the drug cimetidine, a medication used to treat ulcers.
take (takeout) - Commission deducted from mutuel pools which is shared by the track, horsemen (in the form of purses) and local and state governing bodies in the form of tax.
taken back - When a horse is restrained by his rider during the early stages of a race. In most instances, this tactic is used by a rider when the pace is too fast, or to allow a late running horse to settle into stride before launching his bid.
taken up - Describes a horse that encounters traffic problems, forcing his rider to pull up on the reins. It generally forces a horse to alter his stride and lose ground.
tape - See barrier.
tattoo - A permanent, indelible mark on the inside of the upper lip used to identify the horse.
teaser - A male horse used at breeding farms to determine whether a mare is ready to receive a stallion.
teletheater - Special facility for showing simulcast races.
tendon - Cords of strong, white (collagen) elastic fibers that connect a muscle to a bone or other structure and transmit the forces generated by muscular contraction to the bones.
thermography - Diagnostic technique utilizing instrumentation that measures temperature differences. Records the surface temperature of a horse. Unusually hot or cold areas may be indicative of some underlying pathology (deviation from the normal).
third phalanx - See coffin bone.
thoroughpin - Swelling of the synovial sheath of the deep flexor tendon above the hock.
through after half - When a horse is prominent during the first half mile of a race, either setting or prompting the pace, then tires significantly.
through early - When a horse shows brief speed then drops back during the early stages of a race.
thumps - See synchronous diaphragmatic flutter.
tie-back surgery - A procedure (laryngoplasty) used to suture the arytenoid cartilage out of the airway. See roaring.
tight - Ready to race.
tightener - 1) A race used to give a horse a level of fitness that cannot be obtained through morning exercises alone. 2) A leg brace.
tired - Term used when a horse races forwardly for some period during the race, then loses ground. Interchangeable term: gave way, weakened, faltered.
toe crack - A crack near the front of the hoof.
toe-in - A conformation flaw in which the front of the foot faces in and looks pigeon-toed, often causing the leg to swing outward during locomotion. Also called paddling.
toe-out - A conformation flaw in which the front of the foot faces out, often causing the leg to swing inward during locomotion. Also called winging.
tongue tie - Strip of cloth-type material used to stabilize a horse's tongue to prevent it from choking down in a race or workout or to keep the tongue from sliding up over the bit, rendering the horse uncontrollable. Also known as a tongue strap.
top line - 1) A horse's breeding on its sire's side. 2) The visual line presented by the horse's back.
top weight - See high weight.
torsion - A twist in the intestine.
totalizator - An automated parimutuel system that dispenses and records betting tickets, calculates and displays odds and payoffs and provides the mechanism for cashing winning tickets. Often shortened to be referenced as tote.
tote board - The electronic totalizator display in the infield which reflects up-to-the-minute odds. It may also show the amounts wagered in each mutuel pool as well as information such as jockey and equipment changes, etc. Also known as the board.
tout - Person who professes to have, and sells, advance information on a race. Also used as a verb meaning to sell or advertise. For example: She's touting the six horse.
toxemia - A poisoning sometimes due the absorption of bacterial products (endotoxins) formed at a local source of infection.
track bias - A racing surface that favors a particular running style or position. For example, a track bias can favor either front-runners or closers or horses running on the inside or outside.
track condition - Condition of the racetrack surface. See fast; good; muddy; sloppy; frozen; hard; firm; soft; yielding; heavy.
trail off - Used to describe a fit horse losing its competitive edge.
trailed - Horse is racing last during any portion of the race.
trapped epiglottis - See entrapped epiglottis.
trial - A preparatory race created in tandem with a subsequent, more important stakes race to be run a few days or weeks. Usually used to eliminate or qualify competitors to reduce the number of horses in the stake.
trifecta - A wager picking the first three finishers in exact order. Sometimes called a triple.
trifecta box - A trifecta wager in which all possible combinations using a given number of horses are bet upon. The total number of combinations can be calculated according to the formula x3-3x2+2x, where x equals the amount of horses in the box. The sum of the formula is then multiplied by the amount wagered on each combination.
trip - An individual horse's race, with specific reference to the difficulty (or lack of difficulty) the horse had during competition. Fr example, if the horse was repeatedly blocked he had a rough trip, or if he had an unobstructed run he had an easy trip.
triple - See trifecta.
Triple Crown - A series of three important races. The Arabian Triple Crown sponsored by the Arabian Racing Cup has a division for males and division for females, each with three races. The first in the series takes place in California, second in Texas, third in Delaware. A bonus is available to the winner of all three races if they are nominated to the Arabian Racing Cup.
tubing - Inserting a nasogastric tube through a horse's nostril into its stomach for the purpose of providing oral medication.
twitch - A restraining device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope or chain at one end, which is placed around a horse's upper lip and twisted, releasing endorphins that relax a horse and curb its fractiousness while it is being handled.
tying up (acute rhabdomyolysis) - A form of muscle cramps that ranges in severity from mild stiffness to a life-threatening disease. A generalized condition of muscle fiber breakdown usually associated with exercise. The cause of the muscle fiber breakdown is uncertain. Signs include sweating, reluctance to move, stiffness and general distress.
ultrasound - 1) Diagnostic ultrasound: a technique that uses ultrasonic waves to image internal structures. 2) Therapeutic ultrasound: a therapy to create heat and stimulate healing.
unchallenged - When a horse is racing on the lead with no pressure exerted by his rivals.
underlay - A horse racing at shorter odds than seems warranted by its past performances.
under wraps - Horse under stout restraint in a race or workout to keep it from pulling away from the competition by too large a margin.
unhurried early - A horse that is allowed to settle into stride before launching his bid. Also called allowed to settle.
unprepared start - There are a number of instances when this term can be used. The most common is when a horse has his head turned sideways when the starter opens the gate and breaks poorly. There are also instances when the rider is unprepared for the start.
unruly gate - See fractious in gate.
untried - 1) Not raced or tested for speed. 2) A stallion that has not been bred.
unwind - Gradually withdrawing a horse from intensive training.
up in final strides - Describes a situation in which a horse rallied from off the pace, then finishes determinedly to get the victory in the late stages. Note : This term is used only with a horse that won.
up for place - When a horse finishes well to gain the runner up spot.
used up - A horse that has been under pressure to prompt the pace, or a horse that was hustled to set the early pace and tires.
valet - A person employed by a racetrack to clean and care for a jockey's tack and other riding equipment.
VEE (Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis) - A highly contagious disease affecting the central nervous system that can cause illness or death in horses and humans.
ventral - Down; toward the belly.
veterinarian (Commission) - The commission or board veterinarian, sometimes referred to as the state veterinarian, is appointed by the state racing commission. This person serves as professional adviser and consultant to the State Racing Commission on veterinary matters including all regulatory aspects of the application and practice of veterinary medicine at the track. (Association) - Sometimes referred to as the track veterinarian, this person is employed by the racetrack and serves as a professional adviser and consultant to the track and its operational staff. (Practicing Private) - practitioner employed by owners and trainers on an individual case or contract basis.
video endoscope - See endoscope.
vied for lead- When a horse is dueling for command with another rival or rivals.
V.M.D. - Veterinary Medical Doctor.
vocal folds - The membranes attached to the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx. Vibration produces vocalization.
void early speed - A late running horse who is allowed to settle before launching his bid. Also called allowed to settle or unhurried early.
washed out - A horse that becomes so nervous that it sweats profusely. Also known as washy or lathered up.
washy post parade - When a horse is unusually wet when coming onto the track and in some instances is lathered up in the neck area and between his hind legs. Note : In some instances, on very hot days all horses will be wet on the track. Term only used when a horse's condition is not comparable with others in the field.
weanling - A foal that is less than one-year-old that has been separated from its dam.
weigh in (out) - The certification, by the clerk of scales, of a rider's weight before and after a race. A jockey weighs in fully dressed with all equipment except for his/her helmet and whip.
weakened - Same as tired or gave way. The horse has raced forwardly, then gave ground.
weight-for-age - An allowance condition in which each entrant is assigned a weight according to its age. Females usually receive a sex allowance as well. Compare with a handicap race.
well handled - When a horse is on the lead and the jockey allows him to relax nicely, many times slowing down the pace to increase his chance of victory.
well placed - When a horse is well within striking position.
well rated - This term is a comment on the jockey's handling of his mount. It generally applies to a horse that is on the lead and the jockey allows his mount to relax nicely, many times slowing down the pace to enhance his chance of victory.
wheel - Betting all possible combinations in an exotic wager using at least one horse as the key. See part wheel.
wheeled gate - Used only at the start. This term refers to an instance when a horse makes either a sharp right or left turn immediately out of the starting gate and is pulled up.
white line - When looking at the sole of the foot, the thin area between the insensitive outer hoof wall referred to as insensitive laminae and the inner sensitive laminae.
wide early - When a horse is forced to race wide during the early stages of a race. Use this term when a horse is a least five or more horses wide.
wind gall - See arthritis.
wind puff - See arthritis.
wind sucker - See cribber.
wire - The finish line of a race.
withers - Area above the shoulder, where the neck meets the back.
wobbler syndrome - Neurological disease clinically associated with general incoordination and muscle weakness. Can be caused by an injury to the spinal cord in the area of the cervical neck vertebrae or is associated with malformation of the cervical vertebrae.
wore down rivals - Use this term only with winners. This describes a horse who closed determinedly to get up for victory after a prolonged drive.
work - To exercise a horse by galloping a pre-determined distance.
wouldn't load gate - Horse who is fractious entering the starting gate and delays the start for an unusual period of time.
Xeroradiography - A costly type of x-ray procedure using specially sensitized screens that give higher resolution on the edges of bone and better visualization of soft tissue structures.
